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HMGB1 Antibody
- SPECIFICATION
- CITATIONS
- PROTOCOLS
- BACKGROUND
Application 
| WB, IHC-P, IF, E |
|---|---|
| Primary Accession | P09429 |
| Other Accession | NP_002119, 4504425 |
| Reactivity | Human, Mouse, Rat |
| Host | Rabbit |
| Clonality | Polyclonal |
| Isotype | IgG |
| Calculated MW | Predicted: 24 kDa Observed: 24 kDa |
| Application Notes | HMGB1 antibody can be used for detection of HMGB1 by Western blot at 1 - 2 µg/ml. Antibody can also be used for Immunohistochemistry starting at 5 µg/mL. For immunofluorescence start at 20 µg/mL. |
| Gene ID | 3146 |
|---|---|
| Target/Specificity | HMGB1; HMGB1 antibody is human, mouse and rat reactive. |
| Reconstitution & Storage | Antibody can be stored at 4°C up to one year. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures. |
| Precautions | HMGB1 Antibody is for research use only and not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. |
| Name | HMGB1 (HGNC:4983) |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | HMG1 |
| Function | Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability (PubMed:33147444). Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functions as a sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids implicating the activation of TLR9-mediated immune responses, and mediates autophagy. Acts as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury (PubMed:27362237). Released to the extracellular environment can bind DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and activates cells through engagement of multiple surface receptors (PubMed:34743181). In the extracellular compartment fully reduced HMGB1 (released by necrosis) acts as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 (actively secreted) as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 (released from apoptotic cells) promotes immunological tolerance (PubMed:23446148, PubMed:23519706, PubMed:23994764, PubMed:25048472). Has proangiogdenic activity (By similarity). May be involved in platelet activation (By similarity). Binds to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamide (By similarity). Bound to RAGE mediates signaling for neuronal outgrowth (By similarity). May play a role in accumulation of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins such as huntingtin (HTT) or TBP (PubMed:23303669, PubMed:25549101). |
| Cellular Location | Nucleus. Chromosome {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P10103, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000305}. Cytoplasm. Secreted {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12231511, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14532127, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15944249, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19811284, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22869893, ECO:0000269|PubMed:33147444}. Cell membrane {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11154118}; Peripheral membrane protein {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11154118}; Extracellular side {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11154118}. Endosome {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158} Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158}. Note=In basal state predominantly nuclear. Shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus (PubMed:12231511, PubMed:17114460). Translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon autophagy stimulation (PubMed:20819940). Release from macrophages in the extracellular milieu requires the activation of NLRC4 or NLRP3 inflammasomes (By similarity). Passively released to the extracellular milieu from necrotic cells by diffusion, involving the fully reduced HGMB1 which subsequently gets oxidized (PubMed:19811284) Also released from apoptotic cells (PubMed:16855214, PubMed:18631454) Active secretion from a variety of immune and non-immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells and natural killer cells in response to various stimuli such as LPS and cytokines involves a nonconventional secretory process via secretory lysosomes (PubMed:12231511, PubMed:14532127, PubMed:15944249). Secreted by plasma cells in response to LPS (By similarity). Found on the surface of activated platelets (PubMed:11154118). An increased chromatin association is observed when associated with the adenovirus protein pVII (PubMed:27362237). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11154118, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12231511, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14532127, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15944249, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16855214, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17114460, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18631454, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19811284, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20819940, ECO:0000269|PubMed:27362237, ECO:0000305|PubMed:20123072} |
| Tissue Location | Ubiquitous. Expressed in platelets (PubMed:11154118). |
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Provided below are standard protocols that you may find useful for product applications.
Background
The high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein was originally identified as a highly conserved nuclear DNA-binding protein that participates in DNA replication, repair and transcriptional regulation of gene [removed]1,2). However, HMGB1 has more recently emerged as an extracellularly released mediator of inflammation and repair responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia and sepsis (3). HMGB1 has also been suggested to induce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by inducing NF-kB signaling downstream of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 activation (4).
References
Smerdon MJ and Isenberg I. Interactions between the subfractions of calf thymus H1 and nonhistone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and HMG2. Biochemistry 1976; 15:4242-7.
Stros M. HMGB proteins: interactions with DNA and chromatin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2010; 1799:101-13.
Wang H, Bloom O, Zhang M, , et al. HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice. Science 1999; 285:248-51.
van Zoelen MA, Yang H, Florquin S, et al. Role of toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and the receptor for advanced glycation end products in high-mobility group box 1-induced inflammation in vivo. Shock 2009; 31:280-4.
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