ATG Proteins | ATG4 | Autophagic | (Ubl) Proteins

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18,000+ products cover the ten top research categories, including cancer, metabolism, cardiovascular, neuroscience, and stem cells. Each antibody is crafted with care according to rigorous protocols for immunogen design and preparation, presentation to host animal, and high-affinity purification against the antigen. Quality is embedded in the production process to assure the best antibody for you.

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Crown Products

Crown antibodies pass additional stringent quality requirements, including extended control sets, uniform results against multiple biologically relevant cell lines and tissues, and function in multiple applications.

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New Products

Abgent develops 1000+ new products per year. We provide tools for path-breaking research by developing antibodies that detect a comprehensive library of novel and established targets. For established targets we seek to add antibodies that recognize new epitopes, including post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and methylation. For new targets we consult with leading experts to accelerate development of antibodies that will propel state-of-the-art research in cellular health and disease.

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Research Focus

Greneral Collections

Peptides

SARS Peptides

Individual peptides for SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein. In order to study the specificity of cellular immune responses against SARS CoV-2 and potential immunity caused by other human Corona Viruses, Abcepta provides Spike peptide individually, as pools and in plate. These peptides can be used for antigen specific T-cell stimulation in T-cell assays or T-cell expansion.

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Synthetic Peptides

All peptides are manufactured in the San Diego, California. Custom peptide services include long peptides (>100 aa), cyclic peptides, difficult sequences, fluorescent labels, phospho-peptides and other post-translational modifications.

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Blocking Peptides

The majority of Abcepta antibodies are produced using peptide immunogens. These immuno-specific peptides can be used as blocking agents when using the complementary antibodies in a range of applications.

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Cell/Tissues/Lysates

Abcepta's portfolio of cell lines, tissues and lysates are drawn from a range of species and immortalized cell lines. All our cell lines and lysates are validated in key applications.

These tissue lysates can be used in applications such as SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Whole cell lysates can be used as positive controls for applications such as ELISAs, immunoprecipitation (IP) and Western blotting. Obtaining high-quality whole cell lysates can be tedious as well as time consuming. Abcepta offers a comprehensive portfolio of whole cell lysates for research use. Browse our catalog to find the right whole cell lysate for your experiment.

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Citations

Thousands of laboratories across the world have published research that depended on the performance of antibodies from Abcepta to advance their research. Check out links to articles that cite our products in major peer-reviewed journals, organized by research category.

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	ATG4
Introduction
The process of autophagic membrane expansion is regulated by a number of different Atg proteins that includes ubiquitinlike (Ubl) proteins, which participate in the two conjugation reactions. Both systems include proteins displaying three different enzymatic activities: ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) and ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3). The first Ubl system essential for autophagy and membrane expansion is responsible for generating an Atg12- Atg5 protein conjugate. A second Ubl system involves the processing and subsequent conjugation of Atg8 (MAP1LC3 or simply LC3) to phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE) by sequential action of three Atg proteins: Atg4, Atg7 and Atg3. LC3 is proteolytically processed by the cysteine protease Atg4 (ATG4D or Autophagin-4), forming an intermediate, cytosolically localized LC3-I. A subpopulation of LC3-I is subsequently converted to a smaller form (form II). Form II, with a revealed C-terminal glycine, is considered to be the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-conjugated form associates tight to the membrane and promotes formation of the autophagosomes. (ribbon structure and cleavage is shown below)	Fluorescent image of U251 cells stained with ATG4D (C-term) antibody. U251 cells were treated with Chloroquine (50 µM,16h), then fixed with 4% PFA (20 min), permeabilized with Triton X-100 (0.2%, 30 min). Cells were then incubated with AP1811c ATG4D (C-term) primary antibody (1:100, 2 h at room temperature). For secondary antibody, Alexa Fluor® 488 conjugated donkey anti-rabbit antibody (green) was used (1:1000, 1h). Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst 33342 (blue) (10 µg/ml, 5 min). ATG4D immunoreactivity is localized to autophagic vacuoles in the cytoplasm of U251 cells.

Recombinant Antibody

ATG4